conférenceSequential Decision Making with Rank Dependent Utility: a Minimax Regret ApproachJeantet, Gildas; Perny, Patrice; Spanjaard, Olivier; 26th AAAI conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 2012)(to appear)AAAI PressToronto, Ontario, CanadaDESIRLIP6anglaiscourantAAAI12.pdf
2011
revueDecision Making with Multiple Objectives using GAI networksGonzales, Christophe; Perny, Patrice; Dubus, Jean-Philippe; Artificial Intelligence Journal(2011)Vol. 1757pp. 1153--1179DESIRLIP6anglaisimportantconférenceMultiobjective dynamic programming versus linear programming for compromise search with Choquet integralGaland, Lucie; Lesca, Julien; Perny, Patrice; International Conference on Multiple Criteria Decision Making(2011)pp. 175Jyvaskyla, Finland, June 13-17, 2011.DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantconférenceOn Minimizing Ordered Weighted Regrets in Multiobjective Markov Decision ProcessesOgryczak, Wlodzimierz; Perny, Patrice; Weng, Paul; 2nd International Conference on Algorithmic Decision Theory (ADT'11)(2011)Vol. 6992pp. 190--204R.I. Brafman, F. Roberts, and A. Tsoukias eds.Lectures Notes in Artificial IntelligenceDESIRLIP6anglaiscourantconférenceA Compromise Programming Approach to Multiobjective Markov Decision ProcessesOgryczak, Wlodzimierz; Perny, Patrice; Weng, Paul; International Conference on Multiple Criteria Decision Making(2011)pp. 167Jyvaskyla, Finland, June 13-17, 2011.DESIRLIP6anglaiscourant
2010
revueChoquet-based optimisation in multiobjective shortest path and spanning tree problemsGaland, Lucie; Perny, Patrice; Spanjaard, Olivier; European Journal of Operational Research(2010)Vol. 2042pp. 303--315DESIRLIP6anglaisimportantEJOR09.pdfconférenceInfinite order Lorenz dominance for fair multiagent optimizationGolden, Boris; Perny, Patrice; International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems(2010)pp. 383--390DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantAAMAS10.pdfconférenceLP Solvable Models for Multiagent Fair Allocation problemsLesca, Julien; Perny, Patrice; European Conference on Artificial Intelligence(2010)pp. 387--392DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantECAI_10.pdfconférenceOn finding compromise solutions in multiobjective Markov decision processesPerny, Patrice; Weng, Paul; European Conference on Artificial Intelligence Multidisciplinary Workshop on Advances in Preference Handling(2010)pp. 55--60DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantworkshop1.pdf
2009
chapitreSocial Choice Theory and Multicriteria decision aidingBouyssou, Denis; Marchant, Thierry; Perny, Patrice; (2009)Decision-making Process Concepts and Methodspp. 779--810Denis Bouyssou, Didier Dubois, Marc Pirlot& Henri Prade eds.DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantBouyssouMarchantPerny_soc_choice.pdfconférenceFast Recommendations using GAI ModelsDubus, Jean-Philippe; Gonzales, Christophe; Perny, Patrice; IJCAI'09, International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence(2009)pp. 1896--1901DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantIJCAI09-1.pdfconférenceA branch and bound algorithm for Choquet optimization in multicriteria problemsGaland, Lucie; Perny, Patrice; Spanjaard, Olivier; (2009)Vol. 634pp. 355--365Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical SystemsDESIRLIP6anglaiscourantlnems09.pdfconférenceChoquet Optimization using GAI Networks for Multiagent/Multicriteria Decision-MakingDubus, Jean-Philippe; Gonzales, Christophe; Perny, Patrice; Algorithmic Decision Theory(2009)pp. 377--389Lectures Notes in Artificial IntelligenceDESIRLIP6anglaiscourantADT09.pdfconférenceChoix multiattribut à l'aide de réseaux GAI de forte densitéDubus, Jean-Philippe; Gonzales, Christophe; Perny, Patrice; actes du 10ème Congrès de la Société Française de Recherche Opérationnelle et d'Aide à la Décision(2009)pp. 25--39DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantconférenceMultiobjective Optimization using GAI ModelsDubus, Jean-Philippe; Gonzales, Christophe; Perny, Patrice; IJCAI'09 International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence(2009)pp. 1902--1907DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantIJCAI09-2.pdf
2008
revueGAI-Networks: Optimization, Ranking and Collective Choice in Combinatorial DomainsGonzales, Christophe; Perny, Patrice; Queiroz, Sergio; Foundations of computing and decision sciences(2008)Vol. 324pp. 3--24DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantrevueMulticriteria evaluation of animal welfare at farm level: an application of MCDA methodologiesBotreau, Raphaelle; Capdeville, Jacques; Perny, Patrice; Veissier, Isabelle; Foundations of computing and decision sciences(2008)Vol. 334pp. 1--18DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantconférenceNear Admissible Algorithms for Multiobjective SearchPerny, Patrice; Spanjaard, Olivier; 18th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence ECAI-08(2008)pp. 490--494IOS PressDESIRLIP6anglaisimportantECAI08.pdfconférencePreference Aggregation with Graphical Utility ModelsGonzales, Christophe; Perny, Patrice; Queiroz, Sergio; Proceedings of the 23rd AAAI conference on Artificial Intelligence(2008)pp. 1037--1042DESIRLIP6anglaisimportantAAAI08.pdfconférenceOptimization of the Choquet integral in multicriteria combinatorial problemsGaland, Lucie; Perny, Patrice; Spanjaard, Olivier; 19th International Conference on Multiple Criteria Decision Making(January 2008)DESIRLIP6anglaiscourant
2007
revueCorrigendum to "Qualitative decision theory with preference relations and comparative uncertaitny: an axiomatic approach"Dubois, Didier; Fargier, Hélène; Perny, Patrice; Artificial Intelligence(2007)Vol. 1715pp. 361--362DESIRLIP6anglaisimportantrevueRéseaux GAI pour la prise de décisionGonzales, Christophe; Perny, Patrice; Queiroz, Sergio; Revue d'Intelligence Artificielle(2007)Vol. 214pp. 555--587DESIRLIP6françaiscourantCet article traite de l'élicitation des préférences et de la recommandation (choix et rangement) dans le contexte de la théorie de l'utilité de multi-attribut. Nous nous concentrons sur le modèle des utilités GAI décomposables (additivité généralisée) qui permet des interactions entre les attributs tout en préservant une certaine décomposabilité du modèle. Nous présentons d'abord une procédure systématique d'élicitation pour de telles fonctions d'utilité. Cette procédure se fonde sur un modèle graphique nommé "réseau GAI" qui est employé pour représenter et gérer des indépendances entre attributs. Nous proposons ensuite un algorithme de choix et de rangement fondé sur les réseaux GAI pour résoudre efficacement aussi bien des problèmes d'optimisation que des problèmes de rangement sur un produit cartésien. Nous montrons que les réseaux GAI peuvent à la fois intégrer des contraintes et des préférences et peuvent donc être efficacement utilisés pour calculer le choix optimal et le rangement sous contraintes. Nous fournissons enfin des résultats d'expérimentations numériques qui montrent l'efficacité pratique de notre approche.http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/RIA.21.555-587conférenceCollective decision making in combinatorial domains using GAI-networksGonzales, Christophe; Perny, Patrice; Queiroz, Sergio; Proceedings of the 65th Meeting of the European Working Group ``Multiple Criteria Decision Aiding''(April 2007)pp. 5Poznan, PolandDESIRLIP6anglaiscourantIn decision problems where the set of alternatives is exponentially large (e.g., Cartesian products of attributes as in recommender systems) the expression of the user’s preferences require compact representations to keep the elicitation process, the memory consumption and the decision making response times at an admissible level. Among these representations, GAI (generalized additive independence) decomposable utility functions are especially interesting in that they allow quite general interactions between attributes while preserving as much decomposability as possible. In this work, we tackle the problem of making collective decisions when the users’ preferences are all representable by GAI utilities. Preference aggregation is dealt with several linear and non-linear criteria to define different notions of compromise. GAI utilities can be represented by graphical structures called GAI networks which are similar in essence to junction graphs used for Bayesian networks. Taking advantage of these graphs, we propose a fast procedure for the exact determination of the optimal compromise solution over the attributes product set. More precisely, the procedure relies on a ranking algorithm that exploits the GAI-network structure to efficiently enumerate top-K solutions according to the sum of the agents’ individual utilities until a boundary condition is met. At this point, the best solution according to the compromise criterion of interest is found. We also provide empirical results highlighting the practical efficiency of our procedure.conférenceSearch for Choquet-optimal paths under uncertaintyGaland, Lucie; Perny, Patrice; Proceedings of the 23rd conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence(July 2007)pp. 125--132AAAI PressVancouver, CanadaDESIRLIP6anglaisimportantUAI07.pdfconférenceState Space Search for Risk-averse AgentsPerny, Patrice; Spanjaard, Olivier; Storme, Louis-Xavier; Twentieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence(2007)pp. 2353--2358DESIRLIP6anglaisimportantIJCAI07-379.pdfconférenceDécision collective avec des réseaux GAIQueiroz, Sergio; Gonzales, Christophe; Perny, Patrice; Congrès de la Société Française de Recherche Opérationnelle et d'Aide à la Décision FRANCORO V / ROADEF 2007(February 2007)pp. 217--227Presses Universitaires de GrenobleGrenoble, FranceDESIRLIP6françaiscourantCet article aborde la prise de décision collective dans le contexte de la théorie de l'utilité multiattribut. Nous nous intéressons ici aux cas où l'ensemble d'alternatives a une structure combinatoire (définie comme le produit cartésien des valeurs des domaines d'un ensemble d'attributs) rendant nécessaire l'utilisation de représentations compactes de préférences. Nous supposons que les préférences des agents sont représentées par une fonction d'utilité GAI (indépendance additive généralisée -- de l'anglais Generalized Additive Independence) sur le produit cartésien. Les fonctions GAI permettent une représentation efficace des interactions entre attributs tout en gardant une certaine décomposabilité du modèle. Nous traitons le problème de l'agrégation de préférences où nous considérons différents critères pour déffnir la notion de solution de compromis (max-min, min-max regret, normes pondérées de Tchebytcheff). Pour chacun de ces critères d'agrégation, nous proposons une procédure efficace pour la détermination exacte de la solution optimale sur le produit cartésien. Nous présentons ensuite des résultats expérimentaux qui montrent l'efficacité pratique de la procédure proposée.queiroz_gonzales_perny.pdf
2006
chapitreAide multicritère à la décision et théorie du choix socialBouyssou, Denis; Marchant, Thierry; Perny, Patrice; (2006)Concepts et méthodes pour l'aide à la décision 3: Analyse multicritère5D. Bouyssou, D. Dubois, M. Pirlot, H. Prade eds.HermèsIC2 SeriesDESIRLIP6françaiscourantrevueDécision et planification dans l'incertainCharpillet, François; Garcia, Frédérik; Perny, Patrice; Sigaud, Olivier; Revue d'Intelligence Artificielle(2006)Vol. 202pp. 1--150DESIRLIP6françaiscourantrevueA decision-theoretic approach to robust optimization in multivalued graphsPerny, Patrice; Spanjaard, Olivier; Storme, Louis-Xavier; Annals of Operations Research(2006)Vol. 1471pp. 317--341DESIRLIP6anglaisimportantaor.pdfconférenceSearch for Compromise Solutions in Multiobjective State Space GraphsGaland, Lucie; Perny, Patrice; 17th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence(2006)pp. 93--97DESIRLIP6anglaisimportantlgppecai06.pdfconférenceMulti-objective branch and bound. Application to the bi-objective spanning tree problemSourd, Francis; Spanjaard, Olivier; Perny, Patrice; 7th International Conference in Multi-Objective Programming and Goal Programming(2006)DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantYourFile2.pdfhttp://www.mopgp06.org/conférencePreference aggregation in combinatorial domains using GAI-netsGonzales, Christophe; Perny, Patrice; Queiroz, Sergio; joint DIMACS-LAMSADE workshop on computer science and decision theory(October 2006)Vol. 6pp. 165--179Denis Bouyssou, Mel Janowitz, Fred Roberts, Alexis Tsoukias eds.Paris, FranceDESIRLIP6anglaiscourantconférenceGAI networks: from axiomatization to applicationsGonzales, Christophe; Perny, Patrice; 37th European Mathematical Psychology Group meeting(2006)DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantconférenceReference-dependent Qualtitative Models for Decision Making under UncertaintyPerny, Patrice; Rolland, Antoine; European Conference on Artificial Intelligence(2006)pp. 422--426DESIRLIP6anglaisimportantpparECAI06.pdfconférenceBeyond Pareto Optimality in Multiobjective Combinatorial Optimization: problems and algorithmsPerny, Patrice; International Conference in Multi-Objective Programming and Goal Programming(2006)Tours, FranceDESIRLIP6anglaiscourant
2005
revueDecision analysis and artificial intelligence: feature cluster from the XIX Euro Summer InstitutePerny, Patrice; Tsoukiàs, Alexis; European Journal of Operational Research(2005)Vol. 1063pp. 579--581DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantrevueA preference-based approach to spanning trees and shortest paths problemsPerny, Patrice; Spanjaard, Olivier; European Journal of Operational Research(2005)Vol. 162pp. 584--601[PP2]DESIRLIP6anglaisimportantpposvweb.pdfconférenceAlgebraic Markov Decision ProcessesPerny, Patrice; Spanjaard, Olivier; Weng, Paul; 19th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence(2005)pp. 1372--1377DESIRLIP6anglaisimportant1677.pdfconférenceGAI Networks for Decision Making under CertaintyGonzales, Christophe; Perny, Patrice; Proceedings of the 19th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence -- workshop on advances in preference handling(2005)pp. 100--105Brafman, R and Junker, U eds.[gonz-pern05]DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantThis paper deals with preference elicitation and preference-based optimization in the context of multiattribute utility theory under certainty. We focus on the generalized additive decomposable utility model which allows interactions between attributes while preserving some decomposability. We first present a systematic elicitation procedure for such utility functions. This procedure relies on a graphical model called a GAI-network which is used to represent and manage independences between attributes, just as junction graphs model independences between random variables in Bayesian networks. Then, we propose an optimization procedure relying on this network to compute efficiently the solution of optimization problems over a product set.ijcai05.psijcai05.ps.gz
2004
conférenceGraphical Models for Utility Elicitation under RiskGonzales, Christophe; Perny, Patrice; joint DIMACS-LAMSADE workshop on computer science and decision theory(October 2004)Vol. 3pp. 157--178Denis Bouyssou, Mel Janowitz, Fred Roberts, Alexis Tsoukias eds.DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantconférenceGAI Networks for Utility ElicitationGonzales, Christophe; Perny, Patrice; Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on the Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning(2004)pp. 224--234DESIRLIP6anglaisimportantThis paper deals with preference representation and elicitation in the context of multiattribute utility theory under risk. Assuming the decision maker behaves according to the EU model, we investigate the elicitation of generalized additively decomposable utility functions on a product set (GAI-decomposable utilities). We propose a general elicitation procedure based on a new graphical model called a GAI-network. The latter is used to represent and manage independences between attributes, as junction graphs model independences between random variables in Bayesian networks. It is used to design an elicitation questionnaire based on simple lotteries involving completely specified outcomes. Our elicitation procedure is convenient for any GAI-decomposable utility function, thus enhancing the possibilities offered by UCP-networks.kr04.pskr04.ps.gz
2003
chapitreAgrégation multicritèreGrabisch, Michel; Perny, Patrice; (2003)Logique floue, principes, aide à la décisionpp. 81--120B. Bouchon-Meunier, C. Marsala eds.DESIRLIP6françaiscourantpreliminary_version.pdfrevueQualitative Decision Theory with preference relations and comparative uncertainty: an axiomatic approachDubois, Didier; Fargier, Hélène; Perny, Patrice; Artificial Intelligence(2003)Vol. 1481pp. 219--260[PP3]DESIRLIP6anglaisimportantrevueA characterization of generalized concordance rules in multicriteria decision-makingDubois, Didier; Fargier, Hélène; Perny, Patrice; Prade, Henri; International Journal of Intelligent Systems(2003)Vol. 187pp. 751--774[PP4]DESIRLIP6anglaisimportantconférenceAn Axiomatic Approach to Robustness in Search Problems with Multiple ScenariosPerny, Patrice; Spanjaard, Olivier; Proceedings of the 19th conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence(August 2003)pp. 469--476Acapulco, MexicoDESIRLIP6anglaisimportantpposuai03.pdf
2002
livreAiding Decisions with Multiple Criteria: essays in honour of B. RoyBouyssou, Denis; Jacquet-Lagrèze, Eric; Perny, Patrice; Slowinski, Roman; Vanderpooten, Daniel; Vincke, Philippe; (2002)Kluwer Academic Publishers[Perny3]DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantrevueSubjective evaluation of discomfort in sitting positionGrabisch, Michel; Duchêne, Jacques; Lino, Frederic; Perny, Patrice; Fuzzy Optimization and Decision Making(2002)Vol. 13pp. 287--312[grdulipe01]DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantrevueQualitative decision theory: from Savage's axioms to nonmonotonic reasoningDubois, Didier; Fargier, Hélène; Perny, Patrice; Prade, Henri; International Journal of the Association of Computer Machinery(2002)Vol. 494pp. 455--495[PP1]DESIRLIP6anglaisimportantconférenceOn preference-based Search in State Space GraphsPerny, Patrice; Spanjaard, Olivier; Proceedings of the 18th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence AAAI(2002)pp. 751--756[PP8]DESIRLIP6anglaisimportantaaai02.pdfconférenceModélisation des préférences et Recherche dans les graphes d'étatsPerny, Patrice; Spanjaard, Olivier; Actes des 2e assises nationales du GdR I3(2002)pp. 161--171Cépaduès-éditions eds.DESIRLIP6françaiscouranti302vweb-1.pdfconférenceOn the Limitation of Ordinal Approaches to Decision MakingDubois, Didier; Fargier, Hélène; Perny, Patrice; Prade, Henri; Proceedings of the 8th conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning(2002)pp. 133--144Toulouse, France[Perny17]DESIRLIP6anglaisimportantconférenceOn the generalisation of the Concordance / Discordance Principle in Multiple Criteria Decision AnalysisTsoukiàs, Alexis; Perny, Patrice; Vincke, Philippe; Aiding Decision with Multiple Criteria(2002)pp. 147--174Kluwer Academic Publishers[PP6]DESIRLIP6anglaiscourant
2001
revuePreference-based Search and Machine Learning for Collaborative Filtering: the ``Film-Conseil'' recommender systemPerny, Patrice; Zucker, Jean-Daniel; Information, Interaction , Intelligence(2001)Vol. 11pp. 9--48[Perny8]DESIRLIP6françaiscourantconférenceTowards a qualitative multicriteria decision theoryDubois, Didier; Fargier, Hélène; Perny, Patrice; Prade, Henri; Proceedings of the EUROFUSE Workshop on preference modelling and applications(2001)pp. 121--129[Perny12]DESIRLIP6anglaisimportantconférencePreference-based Approach to Combinatorial ProblemsPerny, Patrice; Spanjaard, Olivier; 18th EURO conference(2001)[Perny14]DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantconférenceNon-transitive decomposable conjoint measurement as a general framework for MCDM and decision under uncertaintyBouyssou, Denis; Perny, Patrice; Pirlot, Marc; Proceedings of the 17th EURO conference(2001)[Perny10]DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantconférenceOn monotonicity of aggregation procedures based on iterated choicesJuret, Xavier; Perny, Patrice; Proceedings of the EURO working group on MCDA(2001)[Perny11]DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantconférenceSur la recherche de solutions préférées dans les problèmes combinatoires multicritèresPerny, Patrice; Spanjaard, Olivier; Francoro(2001)[Perny13]DESIRLIP6françaiscourantconférenceModélisation des préférences par une règle de concordance généraliséeFargier, Hélène; Perny, Patrice; Selected Papers from 49th and 50th meetings of the EURO working group on MCDA(2001)pp. 99--116A. Colorni; M. Parruccini; Bernard Roy eds.Official Publications of the European Communities[PP5]DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantconférenceAide collaborative à la décision : le système film-conseilPerny, Patrice; Zucker, Jean-Daniel; 54th meeting of the EURO working group ``Multicriteria Aid for Decisions''(2001)[Perny15]DESIRLIP6anglaiscourant
2000
livrePreferences and Decisions under Incomplete KnowledgeDe Baets, Bernard; Fodor, Janos; Perny, Patrice; (2000)Physica Verlageidelberg, New-York[Perny2]DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantlivreEvaluation and decision models: a critical perspectiveBouyssou, Denis; Marchant, Thierry; Perny, Patrice; Pirlot, Marc; Tsoukiàs, Alexis; Vincke, Philippe; (2000)Kluwer Academic Publishers[Perny1]DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantconférenceBCA*, une généralisation d'A* pour la recherche de solutions de compromis dans des problèmes de recherche multiobjectifsFuttersack, Michel; Perny, Patrice; Proceedings of the 12th conference Reconnaissance des Formes et Intelligence Artificielle(2000)Vol. 3pp. 377--386[Perny9]DESIRLIP6françaiscouranthabilitationModélisation des préférences, agrégation multicritère et systèmes d'aide à la décisionPerny, Patrice; (2000)[Perny18]DESIRLIP6anglaiscourant
1999
chapitreUse of artificial intelligence in multicriteria decision makingPerny, Patrice; Pomerol, Jean-Charles; (1999)Advances in MCDM models, Algorithms, Theory and Applicationspp. 15-1--15-43T. Gal, Th. J. Stewart and Th. Hanne eds.Kluwer Academic PublishersDESIRLIP6anglaiscourantconférenceQualitative models for decision under uncertainty without the commensurability assumptionFargier, Hélène; Perny, Patrice; conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence(1999)pp. 188--195DESIRLIP6anglaiscouranthfppuai99.psconférenceCollaborative Filtering Methods based on Fuzzy Preference RelationsPerny, Patrice; Zucker, Jean-Daniel; EUROFUSE Workshop on preference modelling and applications(1999)pp. 279--295DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantPPJDZ99.pdf
1998
chapitrePreference ModellingPerny, Patrice; Roubens, Marc; (1998)Handbook of fuzzy sets and possibility theory, operations research and statisticspp. 3--30R. Slowinski eds.Kluwer Academic PublishersDESIRLIP6anglaiscourantchapitreThe use of fuzzy preference models in multiple criteria choice, ranking and sortingFodor, Janos; Perny, Patrice; Orlovski, Sergei; Roubens, Marc; (1998)Handbook of fuzzy sets and possibility theory, operations research and statisticspp. 69--101R. Slowinski eds.DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantchapitreDecision Making and OptimizationFodor, Janos; Perny, Patrice; Roubens, Marc; (1998)Handbook of fuzzy computationE. Ruspini, P. Bonissone and W. Pedrycz eds.IOP Publishing LtdDESIRLIP6anglaiscourantrevueAn interactive multiobjective procedure for selecting medum-term countermeasures after nuclear accidentsPerny, Patrice; Vanderpooten, Daniel; Journal of multicriteria decision analysis(1998)7pp. 48--60DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantrevueA mutlcriteria methodology for the verification of arms control in EuropePerny, Patrice; Vanderpooten, Daniel; Foundations of computing and decision sciences(1998)Vol. 232pp. 64--85[PPDV98]DESIRLIP6anglaiscourantrevueMulticriteria Filtering Methods based on concordance and non-discordance principlePerny, Patrice; Annals of Operations Research(1998)80pp. 137--165[PP98]DESIRLIP6anglaisimportant